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Objective:To analyze common respiratory pathogens epidemiology in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in a single center in Shanghai, and to provide the basic data support for clinical diagnosis and treatment of children with LRTI in Shanghai.Methods:Children with LRTI in Children′s Hospital of Fudan University were enrolled from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019, and respiratory samples were collected and tested by direct immunofluorescence assay and real time polymerase chain reaction. The epidemiological characteristics of different respiratory pathogens were analyzed. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 18 716 children were included, the total detection rate of respiratory pathogens was 36.96% (6 918/18 716), and the most frequent detected pathogen was Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) (15.31%(2 866/18 716)), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (10.40%(1 946/18 716)) and parainfluenza virus Ⅲ (PIV-Ⅲ) (4.65%(871/18 716)). The detection rate of pathogens in female was significantly higher than that in male (38.48%(2 936/7 630) vs 35.92%(3 982/11 086), χ2=12.72, P<0.001). RSV and influenza virus A (Flu-A) infections peaked in winter. The detection rates of influenza virus B (Flu-B) and human metapneumovirus (MPV) were higher in winter and spring. PIV-Ⅲ infection peaked in spring and summer. The peak of PIV-Ⅱ infection occurred in summer and autumn. The infections of adenovirus (ADV), MP, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and PIV-Ⅰ were prevalent throughout the year without significant seasonality. The detection rate of RSV declined with age, while the detection rate of MP increased with age. The co-infection rate was 1.65%(309/18 716), and the predominant co-infection type was MP and RSV (0.37%(70/18 716)). Conclusions:A variety of pathogens lead to children′s LRTI in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019, with the common infection of MP, RSV and PIV-Ⅲ. Different pathogens showed different epidemiological characteristics in age and season distributions.
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Objective To investigate the pathology, epidemiology of severe pneumonia in Xicheng District of Beijing. Methods From 2014 to 2020, in 3 sentinel hospitals, collected and detected the respiratory tract specimens of the severe pneumonia patients. Multiple pathogens including Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pneumocystis,Parainfluenza virus, Bocavirus, Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Influenza, Human metapneumovirus, Adenovirus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Enterovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae were detected with PT-PCR. Analyze epidemic characteristics of the cases. Results Of the 1 247 respiratory samples cultured during the period from 2014 to 2020, 560(44.91%) are positive. The positive rates of virus(29.91%) is higher than Bacteria(20.21%). The top five pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii(9.22%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(8.26%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(7.78%), Klebsiella Pneumoniae（6.74%） and Parainfluenza virus（6.58%）. Conclusion There was a variety of pathogen in the severe pneumonia patients. Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Parainfluenza virus were the main pathogens of respiratory infections in Xicheng district of Beijing. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of the disease.
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Objective:To investigate the changes in epidemiological characteristics of common respiratory pathogens in children in Beijing during COVID-19 epidemic.Methods:A total of 9 728 serum samples were collected from cases of acute respiratory infections in Beijing Children′s Hospital from January 2020 to December 2020. Indirect immunofluorescence antibody test was performed to detect IgM antibodies against eight common respiratory pathogens and the test results were statistically analyzed. The eight common respiratory pathogens were influenza virus A (FluA), influenza virus B (FluB), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( Mp), Chlamydia pneumoniae ( Cp) and Legionella pneumophila ( Lp). Results:The detection rate of respiratory pathogens in 9 728 cases was 41.71% (4 058/9 728) and respiratory viruses (FluA, FluB, RSV, ADV and PIV) accounted for 46.18%(2 343/5 074)of all detected pathogens. Mp, FluB and FluA accounted for 84.73%(4 299/5 074)of all detected pathogens, and the detection rates were 24.27% (2 361/9 728), 11.49% (1 118/9 728) and 8.43% (820/9 728), respectively. There were 846 cases positive for two kinds of pathogens, and the most common co-infection was Mp and FluB. The detection rates in male and female were 37.56% (2 089/5 562) and 47.26% (1 969/4 166), respectively. There were significant differences in the total detection rate and the positive rates of PIV and Mp between different sexes ( P<0.05). The detection rate in school-age children (6-12 years old) was the highest (52.26%, 1 535/2 937). The detection rates of respiratory pathogens in different months ranged from 30.12% (203/674) to 49.81% (268/538) with higher rates in autumn and winter [42.45% (1 304/3 072) and 43.29% (1 618/3 738)]. The detection rates of FluA and FluB were higher in summer [11.46% (195/1 701)] and winter [14.63% (547/3738)], respectively. Most of RSV infection occurred in summer [1.35% (23/1 701)], and Mp could be detected all year round, especially in winter and spring [27.21% (1 017/3 738) and 25.64% (312/1 217)]. The detection rate of respiratory pathogens in outpatient group was higher than that in inpatient group [46.48% (1 583/3 406) vs 39.15% (2 475/6 322)]. The detection rate in severe cases was 26.10% (71/272). The detection rates of total pathogens, FluB and Mp were higher in outpatients than in inpatients and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The detection rates of FluA, PIV and ADV were higher in inpatients than in outpatients and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The detection rates of total pathogens, FluB and Mp in mild cases were significantly higher than those in severe cases and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The detection rate of RSV in severe cases was significantly higher than that in mild cases and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The protective measures taken during the period of regular prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic could better prevent the spread of respiratory viruses, having a certain impact on the population susceptible to respiratory pathogens and typical seasonal patterns, but had little effect on the prevention and control of Mp. New protective measures needed to be studied to prevent Mp infection in children during epidemical season.
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Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics and pathogenic spectrum of influenza-like illnesses in Tianjin Children′s Hospital from October 2020 to March 2021, and to provide reference for the prevention, control and clinical diagnosis and treatment of influenza-like illnesses.Methods:A total of 520 throat swabs samples were collected from patients with influenza-like illnesses in sentinel hospitals. Thirty respiratory tract pathogens were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results were statistically analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods.Results:Among the 520 samples, 239 were positive for 16 respiratory pathogens with a positive rate of 45.96%. The top three pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus (9.62%, 50/520), rhinovirus (9.62%, 50/520) and cytomegalovirus (5.96%, 31/520). The positive rate of respiratory pathogens was 49.67% in males and 40.91% in females and the difference between males and females was statistically significant (χ 2=3.919, P<0.05). There were significant differences in the positive rates among three age groups (χ 2=6.182, P<0.05) with the highest positive rate in the <2 years old group (52.91%, 91/172) and the lowest rate in the >4 years old group (38.10%, 40/105). There were significant differences in the positive rates detected in different months (χ 2=15.358, P<0.05) and the highest detection rate was in December (58.00%, 58/100), followed by those in November (52.50%, 42/80) and January (47.50%, 38/80). The multiple infection rate was 21.76% (52/239) and most of the multiple infections were caused by rhinovirus and other pathogens (48.08%, 25/52). Conclusions:Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus were the predonimant pathogens responsible for influenza-like illnesses in Tianjin Children′s Hospital from October 2020 to March 2021. Multiple infections were common and children under 2 years old were more susceptible. The detection rate of respiratory pathogens varied in different months. It was necessary to strengthen the surveillance and research on those respiratory pathogens in order to provide scientific data for the prevention and control of respiratory diseases in children.
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Aims@#Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) among Malaysian pilgrims are caused by exposure to zoonotic-potential respiratory pathogens, symptomatically and asymptomatically affected by rigorous pilgrimage rituals, overcrowding and other stressors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of selected zoonotic respiratory pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays among Hajj pilgrims from Kelantan state, Malaysia.@*Methodology and results@#Throat swab specimens were obtained from 189 Kelantan Hajj pilgrims in 2016 and examined by PCR for the identification of respiratory pathogens. Thirteen samples (6.88%) were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae and four (2.11%) were positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae. All the samples were negative for Influenza A virus, MERS-CoV and Mycobacterium bovis. One sample was positive for S. pneumoniae virulence lytA gene. One sample was positive for K. pneumoniae virulence magA and K2A genes respectively, and three samples were positive for K. pneumoniae rmpA genes. Ten and seven samples were positive for S. pneumoniae mefA and pbpA antibiotic resistance genes respectively. Two samples were positive for K. pneumoniae blaKPC and blaOXA-48 antibiotic resistance genes. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This work provided insight into the existence of zoonotic respiratory pathogens inducing Hajj RTIs in Kelantan pilgrims. It showed promising findings for zoonotic studies in Hajj settings. The findings could be relevant in potential control measures for the management of zoonotic infections among Hajj pilgrims.
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Respiratory Tract Infections , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Bacterial ZoonosesABSTRACT
Acute respiratory infection is a common infectious diseases in children.Rapid and accurate identification of pathogens is critical for targeted treatment and prognosis.Therefore, taking sensitive and effective detection methods is the key to pathogenic diagnosis.Now, the progress in the application and research of detection for respiratory pathogens in children were reviewed.
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Acute respiratory infection is a common infectious diseases in children.Rapid and accurate identification of pathogens is critical for targeted treatment and prognosis.Therefore,taking sensitive and effective detection methods is the key to pathogenic diagnosis.Now,the progress in the application and research of detection for respiratory pathogens in children were reviewed.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between atypical respiratory pathogens infection and serum vitamin D(VitD) level in children.Methods Serum IgM antibody levels of 11 atypical respiratory pathogens were detected in 414 serum samples of child respiratory infection by using the respiratory tract 11-items detection reagent kits (indirect immunofluorescence assay),including respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus(ADV),influenza A virus(FluA),influenza B virus(FluB),parainfluenzavirus(PFlu),Mycoplasma pneumonia(MP),Chlalmydia pneumoniae(CP),Coxsackie virus type B(CoxB),Coxsackie virus type A(CoxA) and legionella pneumophilia(LP).At the same time the electrochemiluminescence assay was used to measure serum VitD level.Results Among 414 samples,pathogen IgM was detected out in 214 samples (51.69%),the top three places of detection rates were FluB,FluA and Mp,their positive rates were 32.13%,23.19% and 13.77% respectively;in cases of positive IgM antibody,17.63% of children developed single infection,34.06% of children developed 2 kinds of pathogen or more mixed infection;there was no statistical difference in the VitD levels between the IgM antibody positive group (median 23.60 ng/mL,3.37-71.50 ng/mL) and the IgM antibody negtive group(median 23.95 ng/mL,3.00-81.70 ng/mL).The IgM antibody positive rate,single infection positive rate and mixed infection positive rate had no statistical difference between the VitD reduce group and the VitD normal group(P>0.05).The positive rate of FluB,FluA and MP IgM antibody had no statistical difference between the VitD reduce group and the VitD normal group(P>0.05).Atypical respiratory pathogens had no correlation with VitD(r=0.005,P=0.912).Conclusion Atypical respiratory pathogens infection may had no correlation with the VitD level reduce.
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Objective To analyze the infection characteristics and epidemic trend of 9 respiratory pathogens in Shenzhen popula-tion .Methods The 5918 patients with acute respiratory tract infection were collected ,indirect immunofluorescence was used to de-tect the IgM antibody of 9 respiratory pathogens ,including legionella pneumophila type 1 (LP1) ,mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) , rickettsia Q (COX) ,rickettsia and chlamydia pneumoniae (CPn) ,adenovirus (ADV) ,respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) ,influenza A virus (INFA) ,influenza B virus (INFB) ,parainfluenza virus (PIVs) ,the results were analyzed statistically .Results A total of 1376 samples were detected at least one pathogen in 5918 serum samples ,the total positive rate was 23 .25% .The positive rate of MP was the highest (15 .19% ) ,followed by the INFB (8 .11% ) .The positive rates of other pathogens were relatively low .The mixed infection positive rate was 4 .29% .The positive rates of MP ,INFB and PIVs in women were significantly higher than those in men(P<0 .001) .The positive rates of MP ,INFB and PIVs were different in different seasons ,the differences were statistically sig-nificant(P<0 .001) .The positive rates of MP ,ADV and INFB in 0 to 14 years old group were significantly higher than those in >14 to 60 years old group and >60 years old group(P<0 .05) .The positive rates of MP ,CPn ,ADV ,RSV ,INFB and PIVs were closely related with age in infant and children (0 to 14 years old)(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The main respiratory pathogens of SARS in Shenzhen city were MP and INFB ,the 9 pathogens had their own infection characteristics and epidemic trend .
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Objective To analyze the infection characteristics and epidemic trend of 9 respiratory pathogens in Shenzhen popula-tion .Methods The 5918 patients with acute respiratory tract infection were collected ,indirect immunofluorescence was used to de-tect the IgM antibody of 9 respiratory pathogens ,including legionella pneumophila type 1 (LP1) ,mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) , rickettsia Q (COX) ,rickettsia and chlamydia pneumoniae (CPn) ,adenovirus (ADV) ,respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) ,influenza A virus (INFA) ,influenza B virus (INFB) ,parainfluenza virus (PIVs) ,the results were analyzed statistically .Results A total of 1376 samples were detected at least one pathogen in 5918 serum samples ,the total positive rate was 23 .25% .The positive rate of MP was the highest (15 .19% ) ,followed by the INFB (8 .11% ) .The positive rates of other pathogens were relatively low .The mixed infection positive rate was 4 .29% .The positive rates of MP ,INFB and PIVs in women were significantly higher than those in men(P<0 .001) .The positive rates of MP ,INFB and PIVs were different in different seasons ,the differences were statistically sig-nificant(P<0 .001) .The positive rates of MP ,ADV and INFB in 0 to 14 years old group were significantly higher than those in >14 to 60 years old group and >60 years old group(P<0 .05) .The positive rates of MP ,CPn ,ADV ,RSV ,INFB and PIVs were closely related with age in infant and children (0 to 14 years old)(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The main respiratory pathogens of SARS in Shenzhen city were MP and INFB ,the 9 pathogens had their own infection characteristics and epidemic trend .
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Lower respiratory tract infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health. It is important to accurately and rapidly detect respiratory bacteria. To compensate for the limits of current respiratory bacteria detection methods, we developed a combination of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and capillary electrophoresis (MPCE) assay to detect thirteen bacterial pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Streptococcus pyogenes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three multiplex PCR reactions were built, and the products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using the high-throughput DNA analyzer. The specificity of the MPCE assay was examined and the detection limit was evaluated using DNA samples from each bacterial strain and the simulative samples of each strain. This assay was further evaluated using 152 clinical specimens and compared with real-time PCR reactions. For this assay, three nested-multiplex-PCRs were used to detect these clinical specimens.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The detection limits of the MPCE assay for the 13 pathogens were very low and ranged from 10-7 to 10-2 ng/μL. Furthermore, analysis of the 152 clinical specimens yielded a specificity ranging from 96.5%-100.0%, and a sensitivity of 100.0% for the 13 pathogens.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study revealed that the MPCE assay is a rapid, reliable, and high-throughput method with high specificity and sensitivity. This assay has great potential in the molecular epidemiological survey of respiratory pathogens.</p>
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Humans , Bacteria , Classification , Genetics , Bacteriological Techniques , DNA, Bacterial , Genetics , Electrophoresis, Capillary , Methods , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Methods , Respiratory Tract Infections , Microbiology , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
El manejo clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ) con exacerbaciones pulmonares agudas o infecciones pulmonares crónicas demanda una actualización permanente de procedimientos médicos y microbiológicos, estos se asocian con la constante evolución de los agentes patógenos durante la colonización de su hospedador. Para poder monitorear la dinámica de estos procesos es fundamental disponer de sistemas expertos que permitan almacenar, extraer y utilizar la información generada a partir de estudios realizados sobre el paciente y los microorganismos aislados de aquel. En este trabajo hemos diseñado y desarrollado una base de datos on-line basada en un sistema informático que permite el almacenamiento, el manejo y la visualización de la información proveniente de estudios clínicos y de análisis microbiológicos de bacterias obtenidas del tracto respiratorio del paciente con FQ. Este sistema informático fue designado como Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database (CFC database) y está disponible en el sitio http://servoy.infocomsa.com/cfc_database. Está compuesto por una base de datos principal y una interfaz on-line, la cual emplea la arquitectura de productos Servoy basada en tecnología Java. Si bien el sistema CFC database puede ser implementado como un programa local de uso privado en los centros de asistencia a pacientes con FQ, admite también la posibilidad de ser empleado, actualizado y compartido por diferentes usuarios, quienes pueden acceder a la información almacenada de manera ordenada, práctica y segura. La implementación del CFC database podría tener una gran impacto en la monitorización de las infecciones respiratorias, la prevención de exacerbaciones, la detección de organismos emergentes y la adecuación de las estrategias de control de infecciones pulmonares en pacientes con FQ
The epidemiological and clinical management of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffering from acute pulmonary exacerbations or chronic lung infections demands continuous updating of medical and microbiological processes associated with the constant evolution of pathogens during host colonization. In order to monitor the dynamics of these processes, it is essential to have expert systems capable of storing and subsequently extracting the information generated from different studies of the patients and microorganisms isolated from them. In this work we have designed and developed an on-line database based on an information system that allows to store, manage and visualize data from clinical studies and microbiological analysis of bacteria obtained from the respiratory tract of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. The information system, named Cystic Fibrosis Cloud database is available on the http://servoy.infocomsa.com/cfc_database site and is composed of a main database and a web-based interface, which uses Servoy's product architecture based on Java technology. Although the CFC database system can be implemented as a local program for private use in CF centers, it can also be used, updated and shared by different users who can access the stored information in a systematic, practical and safe manner. The implementation of the CFC database could have a significant impact on the monitoring of respiratory infections, the prevention of exacerbations, the detection of emerging organisms, and the adequacy of control strategies for lung infections in CF patients
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Information Storage and Retrieval/methods , Cystic Fibrosis/physiopathology , Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology , Data Visualization , Database , Data Management/organization & administration , Monitoring, Physiologic/methodsABSTRACT
Respiratory tract infection is a commo n disease in hc ildren.The pathoeg ns of respiratory trract infection are very complex, includingvi ruses, bactre ia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and fugn al, etc.The research of respiratro y pathogens is imp ortant for clinical diagnosis na d treatmento f respiratory tract infec-tions in children.In this article,we make a brife introduction to the ca qiu sition and interpretation of respirato-ry pathogens in cih ldren.
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Objective To analyze the detection rates and quarterly distribution status of 8 respiratory pathogens of IgM antibody in patients with pulmonary infection,in order to provide a basis for clinical treatment and prevention.Methods A total of 384 ser-um samples of patient with pulmonary infection in Rehabilitation Hospital affiliated to Fujian University of TCM from April 2014 to March 201 5 were collected,and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA)was applied to detect 8 respiratory pathogens IgM anti-bodies.Results The positive rate of respiratory pathogens IgM antibody in patients was 13.54% (52/384),and the positive rate of influenza A and influenza B both were 4.43% (1 7/384).The highest infection rate about 8 respiratory pathogens was in the first quarter,and the infection of influenza A and B virus is the most common.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with pulmonary infection in patients with IgM antibody positive rate was significantly higher than that of other patients with pulmonary infection,positive detection rates in the first quarter and four quarter were higher than in other seasons.Conclusion The 8 respira-tory pathogens in IgM antibody detection is important significance for the early diagnosis of pulmonary infection.We should do a good job in the prevention of respiratory viruses and atypical pathogens in popular time.
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Para determinar la frecuencia de bacterias patógenas y su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en muestras nasofaringeas de niños indígenas waraos de la comunidad María López, municipio Benítez del estado Sucre, con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 10 años, se procesaron 49 muestras recolectadas durante el período enero-marzo de 2008. La identificación bacteriana se realizó aplicando estudios bacteriológicos convencionales y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana mediante el método de difusión en disco, siguiendo lineamientos del Instituto de Estándares de Laboratorios Clínicos (CLSI). Los resultados indicaron la presencia de Moraxella catarrhalis (28,6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (26,5%), Staphylococcus aureus (14,3%) y Haemophilus influenzae (6,1%) en niños con y sin sintomatología. Las bacterias patógenas aisladas del tracto respiratorio superior fueron más frecuentes en el grupo de 0 a 5 años de edad, identificándose, principalmente, S. pneumoniae. Con respecto a la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, S. pneumoniae mostró resistencia a tetraciclina (46,2%), trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (38,5%), clindamicina (33,3%) y penicilina (23,1%). Los aislados de S. aureus expresaron sensibilidad a todos los antimicrobianos ensayados. El total de aislados de M. catarrhalis mostró resistencia a ampicilina y penicilina, además, resultaron productores de β-lactamasas. La presencia de bacterias patógenas a nivel nasofaríngeo en la población infantil, representa un riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones severas del tracto respiratorio.
We collected and `processed 49 nasopharynx samples taken from indigenous Warao children 0-10 years old who lived at the María Lopez community of the Benitez Municipalit at Sucre State, with the purpose of determining the frequency of pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial sensitivity in samples collected from these children during the January-March 2008 period. The bacterial identification was obtained by applying conventional bacteriological methods and the antimicrobial sensitivity was determined by the disc diffusion method, following the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. The results showed presence of Moraxella catarrhalis (28.6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (26.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.3%) and Haemophilus influenza (6.1%) in children with and without symptoms. The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the upper respiratory tract were more frequent in the 0-5 year old group and the most frequent identification was S. pneumoniae. Regarding antimicrobial sensitivity, S. pneumoniae was resistant to tetracycline (46.2%), trimetoprim-sulphametoxazol (38.5%), clindamicyn (33.3%) and penicillin (23.1%). The S. aureus isolates were sensitive to all the antimicrobials studied. All the M. catarrhalis isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin and were also β-lactamase producers. The presence of pathogenic bacteria at the nasopharynx level in child populations signifies a risk for the development of severe respiratory tract infections.
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Background: Moraxella catarrhalis is gaining significance as a pathogen over few decades because of increased rate of isolation in respiratory specimens and due to emergence of multidrug resistant strains. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial agents are required for eradication and prevention of spread of the organism. Material and Methods: -The study was conducted over 1-year period inpatients of lower respiratory tract infections (L.R.T.I.) in P.G.I.M.S. Rohtak (Haryana) . Assessment of clinical significance of M.catarrhalis was ascertained on the basis of preformed criteria. Results: A total of 63 clinically significant M. catarrhalis were isolated from a tertiary care hospital. The isolates showed maximum resistance to cotrimoxazole (82.5%), pencillin (77.7%), and ampicillin (71.4%) while susceptibility was maximum to cefotaxime (87.3%) followed by tetracycline (85.7%) ciprofloxacin (84.1%), erythromycin (80.9%) amikacin (79.3%), gentamycin (77.7%), and cefazolin (76.2%). Multidrug resistance to >3 antimicrobials was seen in 22 (34.9%) of cases. Conclusions: Predominant or pure growth of M.catarrhalis in throat swabs from cases of L.R.T.I. should be reported and treated by microbiologist and clinician respectively. Antibiotic therapy should be decided based on sensitivity report for rapid respose and recovery of patients.